Lithium and Mineral Resources from Brines
The lithium ion
battery will be a reliable electrical resource for many years to
come. A simple model of the lithium ions motion due to changes in
concentration and voltage is presented. The battery chosen has LiCoO2
as the cathode, LiPF6 as the electrolyte, and LiC6
as the anode. The concentration gradient and voltage gradient is
linearized in two forms of Fick’s first law of diffusion. The
voltage gradient increases the motion of the lithium ions by a factor
of 100 compared to the concentration gradient.
Tiny silicon particles could power lithium ion batteries with 10 times more capacity
“Silicon shows
promise for building much higher-capacity batteries because it's
abundant and can absorb much more lithium than the graphite used in
current lithium ion batteries.”
Lithium (from
Greek:
λίθος, romanized: lithos,
lit. 'stone')
is a chemical
element with symbol Li and atomic
number 3.
A passivation
layer called the solid electrolyte interphase (SEI) is formed on
electrode surfaces from decomposition products of electrolytes.
An alkaline battery (IEC code: L) is a type of primary battery which derives its energy from the reaction between zinc metal and manganese dioxide.
Magnesium batteries are batteries that utilize magnesium cations as the active charge transporting agent in solution and as the elemental anode of an electrochemical cell. A zinc–carbon battery is a dry cell primary battery that delivers about 1.5 volts of direct current from the electrochemical reaction between zinc and manganese dioxide.
News Center
‘Holy Grail’ for Batteries:
Solid-State Magnesium Battery
a Big Step Closer
Berkeley Lab leads discovery of the fastest magnesium-ion solid-state conductor to date
Boron is a chemical element with symbol B and atomic number 5.Magnesium Ethylenediamine
Borohydride as
Solid-State Electrolyte
for Magnesium Batteries
Scientific Reports volume 7, Article number: 46189 (2017)Borophene is a crystalline atomic monolayer of boron, i.e., it is a two-dimensional allotrope of boron and also known as boron sheet.
Calcium carbonate is
a chemical compound with the formula CaCO₃. It is a common
substance found in rocks as the minerals calcite and aragonite and is
the main component of pearls and the shells of marine organisms,
snails, and eggs.
Similar to how certain corals produce reefs by excreting dissolved calcium carbonate, or limestone, Calera sends carbon dioxide emissions through seawater to create a chalky carbonate byproduct. This cement substance is then mixed with aggregate and water to create concrete. Its production avoids the need to heat the cement materials in coal-fired kilns, while sequestering carbon throughout the process, the company says.
Concrete is made up of three basic components: water, aggregate (rock, sand, or gravel) and Portland cement. Cement, usually in powder form, acts as a binding agent when mixed with water and aggregates.
Bendable concrete and other CO2-infused cement mixes could dramatically cut global emissions
Projected demand for electricity as validity of the fundamental theorem of calculus
Applied Calculus for the Managerial, Life, and Social Sciences
By Soo T. Tan
Carbon (from
Latin:
carbo "coal") is a
chemical
element with symbol
C and atomic
number 6.
The advantages of C.S.A. cement
What is CSA Cement?
Calcium Sulfoaluminate cement (CSA Cement forshort), was developed in China.This special cement distinguishes itself from Portland cement by a high-speed bonding, fast strength development, and a shrinkage reduction.CSA Cement has been used for decades as a binder in concrete for bridges, airport start-and runways, concrete road-repair, and many other applicationswhere a quick reuse is required. Nowadays, CSA cement is also used in dry mortarsfor self-levelling floors, levelling compounds, casting mortars, tile adhesives, grouts, etc.
...
Low alkaliCS
Reduced CO2emissions
CSA cement is considered to be a green binder because of the following factors: 1.CSA cement is calcined at 1250oC (2250oF) whereas Portland is calcined at a temperature of 1500oC (2700oC).2.CSA clinker is much softer compared to Portland clinker, which reduces the energy requirement during grinding. It is estimated that the production of Portland cement is responsible for approximately 8% of the total, worldwide emission of CO2. Carbon dioxide is released in the air when CaO changes to CaCO3during calcination.For every 1000kg (2200 lbs) of Portland cement produced, 579kg (1275 lbs) of Co2 is emitted. This is solely based on the chemical reaction, regardless of the fuel used during production. Understandably the use of fossil fuels would further increase this number. In contrast the production of CSA cement emits 216kg (476 lbs)of CO2 for every 1000kg produced, which shows a 62% reduction compared to the production of Portland. The production of CSA cement has the lowest emission of CO2 compared to other alternative cements such as magnesium cement (Sorel), sodium metasilicate (water glass), and calcium aluminate cement.
China Raises Threat of Rare-Earths Cutoff to U.S.
Beijing could slam every corner of the American economy, from oil refineries to wind turbines to jet engines, by banning exports of crucial minerals.
By Keith Johnson, Elias Groll | May 21, 2019
Ozone layer: Banned CFCs traced to China say scientists
China's Latest Trade Threat Could Actually Turn Out To Be A Huge Opportunity For the US
Bad news, Beijing.
Innovative new ‘green’ concrete using graphene
A new greener, stronger and more durable concrete that is made using the wonder-material graphene could revolutionise the construction industry. Experts from the University of Exeter have developed a pioneering new technique that uses nanoengineering technology to incorporate graphene into traditional concrete production.
Graphene reinforced concrete is twice as strong and four times more water resistant. ... Crucially, the new graphene-reinforced concentre material also drastically reduced the carbon footprint of conventional concrete production methods, making it more sustainable and environmentally friendly.
Graphene (/ˈɡræf.iːn/)
is an allotrope
of carbon in the
form of a two-dimensional,
atomic-scale, hexagonal lattice in which one atom forms each vertex.
It is the basic structural element of other allotropes,
including graphite,
charcoal, carbon nanotubes and fullerenes.
It can also be considered as an indefinitely large aromatic
molecule, the ultimate case of the family of flat polycyclic
aromatic hydrocarbons.
What’s the Magic
Behind Graphene’s ‘Magic’ Angle?
A new theoretical model may help explain the shocking onset of superconductivity in stacked, twisted carbon sheets.
Allotropy or allotropism (from Ancient
Greek ἄλλος (allos), meaning 'other', and τρόπος
(tropos), meaning 'manner, form') is the property of some
chemical
elements to exist in two or more different forms, in the same
physical state,
known as allotropes of the elements. Allotropes are different
structural modifications of an element;
the atoms of the
element are bonded
together in a different manner. For example, the allotropes
of carbon include diamond
(the carbon atoms are bonded together in a tetrahedral
lattice
arrangement), graphite
(the carbon atoms are bonded together in sheets of a hexagonal lattice), graphene
(single sheets of graphite), and fullerenes
(the carbon atoms are bonded together in spherical, tubular, or
ellipsoidal formations). The term allotropy is used for
elements only, not for compounds.
The more general term, used for any crystalline material, is
polymorphism.
CONDENSED MATTER THEORY
CONDENSED MATTER THEORY
An anode is
an electrode
through which the conventional
current enters into a polarized electrical device. This contrasts
with a cathode,
an electrode through which conventional current leaves an electrical
device. A common mnemonic
is ACID for "anode
current into device" The direction of
conventional current (the flow of positive charges) in a circuit is
opposite to the direction of electron
flow, so (negatively charged) electrons flow out the anode into the
outside circuit. In a galvanic
cell, the anode is the electrode
at which the oxidation reaction occurs.
Lithium–silicon electrodes are a lithium-ion
battery technology that employ a silicon
anode
and lithium ions
as the charge carriers.
Silicon has a much larger energy
density (25 times as many lithium ions)
than graphite. Silicon's large volume change when lithium is inserted
is the main obstacle to commercializing
this device.
Commercial battery anodes may have small amounts of silicon, boosting
their performance slightly. The amounts are closely held trade
secrets, limited as of 2018 to at most 10% of the anode.
A crystalline silicon anode has a theoretical specific
capacity of 3600 mAh/g, approximately ten times that of anodes
such as graphite
(372 mAh/g).
Each silicon atom can bind up to 3.75 lithium atoms in its fully
lithiated state (Li 3.75Si), compared to one lithium atom per 6
carbon atoms for the fully lithiated graphite (LiC 6).
Lithium
borosilicate framework:
Specific
capacity and volume change for some anode materials
| Anode material | Specific capacity (mAh/g) | Volume change |
|---|---|---|
| Li | 3862 | - |
LiC
6 |
372 | 10% |
Li
13Sn 5 |
990 | 252% |
Li
9Al 4 |
2235 | 604% |
Li
15Si 4 |
3600 | 320% |
A cathode is
the electrode
from which a conventional
current leaves a polarized electrical device. This definition can
be recalled by using the mnemonic
CCD for Cathode Current Departs. A conventional current
describes the direction in which positive charges move. Electrons
have a negative electrical charge, so the movement of electrons is
opposite to that of the conventional current flow. Consequently, the
mnemonic cathode current departs also means that electrons
flow into the device's cathode from the external circuit.
chasm K clique number v.
schism clan complex network
By David Hirsch
Lithium borate,
also known as lithium tetraborate is an inorganic
compound with the formula Li2B4O7.
A colorless solid, lithium borate is used in making glasses
and ceramics.
Borate backbone of
Li2B4O7.
A nanowire battery uses nanowires
to increase the surface area of one or both of its electrodes.
Some designs (silicon, germanium and transition
metal oxides), variations of the lithium-ion
battery have been announced, although none are commercially
available. All of the concepts replace the traditional graphite
anode and could improve battery performance.
Oxygen is the
chemical element with the symbol O and atomic number 8.
Specific heat capacity of materials
Specific Heat Capacity of common materials
- West Chester University
- 700 South High Street
- West Chester, PA 19383
Macro and micro scales may be coupled for optimization:
Caltech team uses computational topology optimization to design silicon anode structures for Li-ion batteries
Perry Talks Of New Energy Era In America, Commends Texas For Growth Of Renewables
The Energy Secretary and former governor highlighted U.S. innovation and openness to foreign markets.First steps in developing cement-based batteries to power cathodic protection of embedded steel in concrete
Niall Holmes
Aimee Byrne
SCHOOL OF CIVIL& STRUCTURAL ENGINEERING, DUBLIN INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY
Professor Brian Norton
PRESIDENT DUBLIN INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY
Clock ticking on efforts to find British Steel buyer
Calcium aluminate cements are cements
consisting predominantly of hydraulic calcium aluminates. Alternative
names are "aluminous cement", "high-alumina cement"
and "Ciment fondu" in French.
Platonic solid constructed by congruent (identical in shape and size) regular (all angles equal and all sides equal) polygonal faces with the same number of faces meeting at each vertex.
Hexagonal crystal family
In crystallography,
the hexagonal crystal family is one of the 6 crystal families, which includes 2 crystal systems (hexagonal and
trigonal) and 2 lattice systems (hexagonal and rhombohedral).
The hexagonal
crystal family consists of two lattice systems: hexagonal and rhombohedral. Each lattice system consists
of one Bravais lattice.
A crystal ball, also known as an orbuculum, is a crystal or glass ball and common fortune telling object. Franz Friedrich Anton Mesmer was a German doctor known for 'animal magnetism'. The word “mesmerize” dates back to an 18th century Austrian physician named Franz Anton Mesmer (1734-1815). He established a theory of illness that involved internal magnetic forces, which he called animal magnetism. Indeed from this developing school, a family of ideals:
Carl Jung adapted the word numinous to depict spiritual, presupposing that archetypes 'appear' from behind the Kantian veil of the noumena. Numen is a Latin word, deriving from the verb nuere, meaning “to nod.” Its original meaning was “a nod.” You might well wonder how it comes to have anything to do with the Divine, the Self and Jung’s concerns. It came to mean “divine will or divine power of the gods” from the Greek and Roman practice of going to a temple to consult the will of the gods, at times when a person confronted a serious decision. In the temple the supplicant would stand before a statue of the god, state his problem, ask the god for guidance and then watch the statue. If it seemed to nod, the person knew the god approved the tack he planned to take. Over time numen came to be synonymous with “deity,” “Godhead,” divinity or “divine majesty.” The other 3 words mentioned above—numinous, numinosum and numinosity—Jung used frequently and all of them derive from numen.
Synchronicity is a concept, first introduced by analytical psychologist Carl Jung, which holds that events are "meaningful coincidences" if they occur with no causal relationship yet seem to be meaningfully related. During his career, Jung furnished several different definitions of it.
The esteemed psychologist William James says, “If there are supernormal powers, it is through the cracked and fragmented self that they enter."
The believers in the non-natural character of sudden conversion have had
practically to admit that there is no unmistakable class-mark
distinctive of all true converts. The super-normal incidents, such as
voices and visions and overpowering impressions of the meaning of
suddenly presented scripture texts, the melting emotions and tumultuous
affections connected with the crisis of change, may all come by way of
nature, or worse still, be counterfeited by Satan. The real witness
of the spirit to the second birth is to be found only in the disposition
of the genuine child of God, the permanently patient heart, the love of
self eradicated. And this, it has to be admitted, is also found in
those who pass no crisis, and may even be found outside of Christianity
altogether.
The problem of mental causation is a conceptual issue in the philosophy of mind. That problem, in short, is how to account for the common-sense idea that intentional thoughts or intentional mental states are causes of intentional actions. The problem divides into several distinct sub-problems, including the problem of causal exclusion, the problem of anomalism, and the problem of externalism. However, the sub-problem which has attracted most attention in the philosophical literature is arguably the exclusion problem.
Subliminal stimuli: Subliminal perceptions, also known as subliminal messages, are messages, either visual or auditory, that are presented just beyond the threshold of human perception.
Irreducible mind :
toward a psychology for the 21 st century I Edward F. Kelly
This effect can be applied to human pattern recognition and aesthetic preference. Some artists attempt to capture the very essence of something in order to evoke a direct emotional response. In other words, they try to make a 'super' rectangle to get the viewer to have an enhanced response. To capture the essence of something, an artist amplifies the differences of that object, or what makes it unique, to highlight the essential features and reduce redundant information. This process mimics what the visual areas of the brain have evolved to do and more powerfully activates the same neural mechanisms that were originally activated by the original object.
Supraliminal memory, retro cognition, unconscious cerebration,
subliminal memory, precognition:
The subliminal self, according to Myers, is in touch with a reservoir of psychical energy, from which it draws forces that influence the physical organism. Thus the inspiration of genius, the exaltation of the perceptive and intellectual faculties in hypnosis, and such exercises as automatic writing and talking and table turning are caused by great influxes of these psychical forces rather than by any spirit influences.
A crystal ball, also known as an orbuculum, is a crystal or glass ball and common fortune telling object. Franz Friedrich Anton Mesmer was a German doctor known for 'animal magnetism'. The word “mesmerize” dates back to an 18th century Austrian physician named Franz Anton Mesmer (1734-1815). He established a theory of illness that involved internal magnetic forces, which he called animal magnetism. Indeed from this developing school, a family of ideals:
Carl Jung adapted the word numinous to depict spiritual, presupposing that archetypes 'appear' from behind the Kantian veil of the noumena. Numen is a Latin word, deriving from the verb nuere, meaning “to nod.” Its original meaning was “a nod.” You might well wonder how it comes to have anything to do with the Divine, the Self and Jung’s concerns. It came to mean “divine will or divine power of the gods” from the Greek and Roman practice of going to a temple to consult the will of the gods, at times when a person confronted a serious decision. In the temple the supplicant would stand before a statue of the god, state his problem, ask the god for guidance and then watch the statue. If it seemed to nod, the person knew the god approved the tack he planned to take. Over time numen came to be synonymous with “deity,” “Godhead,” divinity or “divine majesty.” The other 3 words mentioned above—numinous, numinosum and numinosity—Jung used frequently and all of them derive from numen.
Synchrotron
A synchrotron is a particular type of cyclic particle accelerator, descended from the cyclotron, in which the accelerating particle beam travels around a fixed closed-loop path. The magnetic field which bends the particle beam into its closed path increases with time during the accelerating process, being synchronized to the increasing kinetic energy of the particles.
Synchronicity is a concept, first introduced by analytical psychologist Carl Jung, which holds that events are "meaningful coincidences" if they occur with no causal relationship yet seem to be meaningfully related. During his career, Jung furnished several different definitions of it.
The esteemed psychologist William James says, “If there are supernormal powers, it is through the cracked and fragmented self that they enter."
- Lecture X, "Conversion, concluded"
The problem of mental causation is a conceptual issue in the philosophy of mind. That problem, in short, is how to account for the common-sense idea that intentional thoughts or intentional mental states are causes of intentional actions. The problem divides into several distinct sub-problems, including the problem of causal exclusion, the problem of anomalism, and the problem of externalism. However, the sub-problem which has attracted most attention in the philosophical literature is arguably the exclusion problem.
Subliminal stimuli: Subliminal perceptions, also known as subliminal messages, are messages, either visual or auditory, that are presented just beyond the threshold of human perception.
Irreducible mind :
toward a psychology for the 21 st century I Edward F. Kelly
The Esalen Institute, commonly called Esalen, is a non-profit American retreat center and intentional community in Big Sur, California, which focuses on humanistic alternative education. The Institute played a key role in the Human Potential Movement beginning in the 1960s. Its innovative use of encounter groups, a focus on the mind-body connection, and their ongoing experimentation in personal awareness introduced many ideas that later became mainstream.
Retrocognition (also known as postcognition), from the Latin retro meaning "backward, behind" and cognition meaning "knowing," describes "knowledge of a past event which could not have been learned or inferred by normal means." The term was coined by Frederic W. H. Myers.
Precognition (from the Latin prae-, "before" and cognitio, "acquiring knowledge"), also called prescience, future vision, future sight is a claimed psychic ability to see events in the future.
Peak shift principle
This psychological phenomenon is typically known for its application in animal discrimination learning. In the peak shift effect, animals sometimes respond more strongly to exaggerated versions of the training stimuli. For instance, a rat is trained to discriminate a square from a rectangle by being rewarded for recognizing the rectangle. The rat will respond more frequently to the object for which it is being rewarded to the point that a rat will respond to a rectangle that is longer and more narrow with a higher frequency than the original with which it was trained. This is called a supernormal stimulus. The fact that the rat is responding more to a 'super' rectangle implies that it is learning a rule.This effect can be applied to human pattern recognition and aesthetic preference. Some artists attempt to capture the very essence of something in order to evoke a direct emotional response. In other words, they try to make a 'super' rectangle to get the viewer to have an enhanced response. To capture the essence of something, an artist amplifies the differences of that object, or what makes it unique, to highlight the essential features and reduce redundant information. This process mimics what the visual areas of the brain have evolved to do and more powerfully activates the same neural mechanisms that were originally activated by the original object.
Supraliminal memory, retro cognition, unconscious cerebration,
subliminal memory, precognition:
Mental Causation
Subliminal Self
A term formerly used in psychical research to denote that part of the personality is normally beneath the "threshold" (limen ) separating consciousness from unconsciousness. The phrase owed its popularity largely to pioneer researcher F. W. H. Myers, who made use of it to explain the psychic phenomena he had observed. The view of Myers was that only a fraction of the human personality, or soul, finds adequate expression through the ordinary cerebral processes, because the brain and physical organism have not yet reached a very advanced stage of evolution. The soul, in short, is like an iceberg, with a fraction of its bulk above water but with a much greater part submerged.The subliminal self, according to Myers, is in touch with a reservoir of psychical energy, from which it draws forces that influence the physical organism. Thus the inspiration of genius, the exaltation of the perceptive and intellectual faculties in hypnosis, and such exercises as automatic writing and talking and table turning are caused by great influxes of these psychical forces rather than by any spirit influences.
(See also Subconscious)
Hysteria
Peak experiences were originally described by psychologist Abraham Maslow as "moments of highest happiness and fulfillment" in his 1964 work Religions, Values, and Peak Experiences.
Mathematician, electrical engineer, philosopher, socialist and technological pioneer
(April 9, 1865, - October 26, 1923)
Hysteresis is the dependence of the state of a system on its
history. For example, a magnet may have more than one possible magnetic
moment in a given magnetic field, depending on how the field changed in
the past.
According to TDK:
Q.What is hysteresis material constant ηB?
Here:
* The symbol and the catalog of this data are in accordance with IEC Publication 60401-3.
* Our terminology and settings were established by reference to JIS C 2560-1,-2.
Fibrifold a fibroblast with Cure CMD and the reticular fibers!
By David Hirsch
Muscle memory is a form of procedural memory that involves consolidating a specific motor task into memory through repetition, which has been used synonymously with motor learning. When a movement is repeated over time, a long-term muscle memory is created for that task, eventually allowing it to be performed without conscious effort. This process decreases the need for attention and creates maximum efficiency within the motor and memory systems. Examples of muscle memory are found in many everyday activities that become automatic and improve with practice, such as riding a bicycle, typing on a keyboard, entering a PIN, playing a musical instrument, poker, martial arts or even dancing.
BEYOND PHYSICALISM : TOWARD RECONCILIATION OF SCIENCE AND SPIRITUALITY /
Hysteria
noun
exaggerated or uncontrollable emotion or excitement, especially among a group of people.
Peak experiences were originally described by psychologist Abraham Maslow as "moments of highest happiness and fulfillment" in his 1964 work Religions, Values, and Peak Experiences.
Charles Proteus Steinmetz
(April 9, 1865, - October 26, 1923)
Charles Proteus Steinmetz (April 9, 1865 – October 26, 1923)
was a German-born American mathematician and electrical engineer. He
fostered the development of alternating current that made possible the
expansion of the electric power industry in the United States,
formulating mathematical theories for engineers. He made ground-breaking
discoveries in the understanding of hysteresis that enabled engineers
to design better electromagnetic apparatus equipment including
especially electric motors for use in industry.
AC hysteresis theory
Shortly after arriving in the U.S., Steinmetz went to work for Rudolf Eickemeyer in Yonkers, New York, and published in the field of magnetic hysteresis, which gave him world-wide professional recognition. Eickemeyer's firm developed transformers for use in the transmission of electrical power among many other mechanical and electrical devices. In 1893 Eickemeyer's company, along with all of its patents and designs, was bought by the newly formed General Electric Company, where he quickly became known as the engineering wizard in GE's engineering community.
AC hysteresis theory
Shortly after arriving in the U.S., Steinmetz went to work for Rudolf Eickemeyer in Yonkers, New York, and published in the field of magnetic hysteresis, which gave him world-wide professional recognition. Eickemeyer's firm developed transformers for use in the transmission of electrical power among many other mechanical and electrical devices. In 1893 Eickemeyer's company, along with all of its patents and designs, was bought by the newly formed General Electric Company, where he quickly became known as the engineering wizard in GE's engineering community.
According to TDK:
Q.What is hysteresis material constant ηB?
A.
It is a constant that represents hysteresis loss when a magnetic
material is operating in the Rayleigh region, as shown in the following
formula:
Here:
- tanδh : Hysteresis loss coefficient
- μ : Relative permeability in the Rayleigh region
- Bm : Maximum magnetic flux density (T)
* The symbol and the catalog of this data are in accordance with IEC Publication 60401-3.
* Our terminology and settings were established by reference to JIS C 2560-1,-2.
Rayleigh Scattering
Rayleigh scattering is the elastic scattering of light by particles much smaller than the wavelength of the light, and is named after Lord Rayleigh (John William Strutt) who first described the process around 1870.Fibrifold a fibroblast with Cure CMD and the reticular fibers!
By David Hirsch
Muscle memory is a form of procedural memory that involves consolidating a specific motor task into memory through repetition, which has been used synonymously with motor learning. When a movement is repeated over time, a long-term muscle memory is created for that task, eventually allowing it to be performed without conscious effort. This process decreases the need for attention and creates maximum efficiency within the motor and memory systems. Examples of muscle memory are found in many everyday activities that become automatic and improve with practice, such as riding a bicycle, typing on a keyboard, entering a PIN, playing a musical instrument, poker, martial arts or even dancing.
Princeton researchers solve problem filling space-- without cubes
In crystallography,
crystal structure is a description of the ordered arrangement
of atoms, ions
or molecules in
a crystalline
material.
In mathematics, a Casimir element (also known as a Casimir invariant or Casimir operator) is a distinguished element of the center of the universal enveloping algebra of a Lie algebra. A prototypical example is the squared angular momentum operator, which is a Casimir element of the three-dimensional rotation group.
In mathematics, a Casimir element (also known as a Casimir invariant or Casimir operator) is a distinguished element of the center of the universal enveloping algebra of a Lie algebra. A prototypical example is the squared angular momentum operator, which is a Casimir element of the three-dimensional rotation group.
Close-packing of equal spheres
In geometry,
close-packing of equal spheres
is a dense arrangement of congruent spheres in an infinite, regular
arrangement (or lattice).
The Gell-Mann matrices, developed by Murray Gell-Mann, are a set of eight linearly independent 3×3 traceless Hermitian matrices used in the study of the strong interaction in particle physics.
In mathematical physics and mathematics, the Pauli matrices are a set of three 2 × 2 complex matrices which are Hermitian and unitary.
In mathematics, a finite field or Galois field (so-named in honor of Évariste Galois) is a field that contains a finite number of elements. Évariste Galois was a radical republican and
something of a romantic figure in French mathematical history. He died
in a duel at the young age of 20... a degree of a radical argument, indeed:
The Gell-Mann matrices, developed by Murray Gell-Mann, are a set of eight linearly independent 3×3 traceless Hermitian matrices used in the study of the strong interaction in particle physics.
In mathematical physics and mathematics, the Pauli matrices are a set of three 2 × 2 complex matrices which are Hermitian and unitary.
A Farey Fraction Spin Chain
(Submitted on 17 Aug 1998)
We introduce a new number-theoretic spin chain and explore its thermodynamics and connections with number theory. The energy of each spin configuration is defined in a translation-invariant manner in terms of the Farey fractions, and is also expressed using Pauli matrices. We prove that the free energy exists and exhibits a unique phase transition at inverse temperature beta = 2. The free energy is the same as that of a related, non translation-invariant number-theoretic spin chain. Using a number-theoretic argument, the low-temperature (beta > 3) state is shown to be completely magnetized for long chains. The number of states of energy E = log(n) summed over chain length is expressed in terms of a restricted divisor problem. We conjecture that its asymptotic form is (n log n), consistent with the phase transition at beta = 2, and suggesting a possible connection with the Riemann zeta function. The spin interaction coefficients include all even many-body terms and are translation invariant. Computer results indicate that all the interaction coefficients, except the constant term, are ferromagnetic.
Thomas Prellberg
Equations of the Fifth Degree
ROYAL IRISH ACADEMY, May 22nd, 1837
By David Hirsch
Journal of Physics D: Applied Physics
RESEARCH NOTES
The lattice parameters of
some alloys of lithium
S H Kellington1, D Loveridge2 and J M Titman2
A Graph is a set of points (called nodes or vertices), any two of which may or may not be connected by a line. (flow network graph theory for graphene)
In mathematics,
graph theory is the study of graphs,
which are mathematical structures used to model pairwise relations
between objects. A graph in this context is made up of vertices
(also called nodes or points) which are connected by
edges
(also called links or lines) In graph
theory, a flow network
(also known as a transportation network) is a directed
graph where each edge has a capacity and each edge
receives a flow. The amount of flow on an edge cannot exceed the
capacity of the edge. Often in operations research, a directed graph is called a network, the
vertices are called nodes and the edges are called arcs.
Max-flow min-cut theorem
In mathematical
optimization, the network simplex algorithm
is a graph
theoretic specialization of the simplex
algorithm. The algorithm is usually formulated in terms of a
standard problem, minimum-cost flow problem and can be efficiently solved in polynomial
time. The network simplex method works very well in practice,
typically 200 to 300 times faster than the simplex method applied to
general linear program of same dimensions.
Stability of calcium aluminate cement matrices mixed with borate solution
Calcium
sulfoaluminate cements (CSA) are a promising low-CO2
alternative to ordinary Portland.
-
(inorganic
chemistry) Any of several mineral
salts that contain
an equimolar mixture of sulfate
and silicate;
the calcium
salt is used as a rapid-setting cement.
Spacegroup
In mathematics,
physics and
chemistry, a
space group is the symmetry group of a configuration in space, usually in three
dimensions.
Magnetic groups and time reversal
In addition to crystallographic space groups there are also magnetic space groups (also called two-color (black and white) crystallographic groups or Shubnikov groups). These symmetries contain an element known as time reversal. They treat time as an additional dimension, and the group elements can include time reversal as reflection in it. They are of importance in magnetic structures that contain ordered unpaired spins, i.e. ferro-, ferri- or antiferromagnetic structures as studied by neutron diffraction. The time reversal element flips a magnetic spin while leaving all other structure the same and it can be combined with a number of other symmetry elements. Including time reversal there are 1651 magnetic space groups in 3D (Kim 1999, p.428). It has also been possible to construct magnetic versions for other overall and lattice dimensions (Daniel Litvin's papers, (Litvin 2008), (Litvin 2005)).In mathematics, a fibrifold is (roughly) a fiber space whose fibers and base spaces are orbifolds. A wallpaper group (or plane symmetry group or plane crystallographic group) is a mathematical classification of a two-dimensional repetitive pattern, based on the symmetries in the pattern. Fibered manifold surjective differentiable mapping's are a consideration in algebraic fiber space. In mathematics, the tangent space of a manifold facilitates the generalization of vectors from affine spaces to general manifolds, since in the latter case one cannot simply subtract two points to obtain a vector that gives the displacement of the one point from the other.
In mathematics, the Killing form, named after Wilhelm Killing, is a symmetric bilinear form that plays a basic role in the theories of Lie groups and Lie algebras.
In mathematics, a versor is a quaternion of norm one (a unit quaternion). Two directed line segments are equipollent when they have the same length and direction. A displacement is a vector whose length is the shortest distance from the initial to the final position of a point P. It quantifies both the distance and direction of an imaginary motion along a straight line from the initial position to the final position of the point. A displacement may be identified with the translation that maps the initial position to the final position.
Kinematic viscosity is the measure of the inherent resistance of a fluid to flow when no external force is exerted, except gravity. Kinematic viscosity can be obtained by dividing the absolute viscosity of a fluid with the fluid mass density. The Reynolds number is a dimensionless value that measures the ratio of inertial forces to viscous forces and describes the degree of laminar or turbulent flow. In engineering, applied mathematics, and physics, the Buckingham p theorem is a key theorem in dimensional analysis.
Quantum entanglement is a physical phenomenon that occurs when pairs or groups of particles are generated, interact, or share spatial proximity in ways such that the quantum state of each particle cannot be described independently of the state of the others, even when the particles are separated by a large distance.
Photonic-crystal fiber (PCF) is a class of optical fiber based on the properties of photonic crystals. Serenity Sells suggests a Schubert Calculus algebraic fiber space cobordism fibered manifold to model CSA Cement 'green cement' Borophene battery block(s) as a SBIR ESCO:
Folkman's theorem, Ken Brown's lemma, and Solving Recurrences in Double Free set Chern Class Degrees of Freedom with Schubert calculus
...
The factorisation lemma is a fundamental tool in the theory of categories of fibrant objects (dually: of cofibrant objects).
...
In mathematics, in particular in algebraic topology, differential geometry and algebraic geometry, the Chern classes are characteristic classes associated with complex vector bundles.
The HM-GM-AM-QM Inequalities
The geometric mean–arithmetic mean–quadratic mean inequalities.
By Philip Wagala Gwanyama
...
'Lumping turns Calculus on its head. Whereas Calculus analyzes a changing process by dividing it into ever finer intervals, lumping simplifies a changing process by combining it into one unchanging process.' - Street Fighting Mathematics pg. 54 'Lumping, by replacing a curve with a rectangle whose area is easily computed, is already a pictorial analysis.' (Summing series) pg. 73
The phrase "Schubert calculus" is sometimes used to mean the enumerative geometry of linear subspaces, roughly equivalent to describing the cohomology ring of Grassmannians, and sometimes used to mean the more general enumerative geometry of nonlinear varieties.
The objects introduced by Schubert are the Schubert cells, which are locally closed sets in a Grassmannian defined by conditions of incidence of a linear subspace in projective space with a given flag.
...
The Poincaré group, named after Henri Poincaré (1906), was first defined by Minkowski (1908) as the group of Minkowski spacetime isometries. It is a ten-dimensional non-abelian Lie group of fundamental importance in physics.
An aperiodic tiling is a non-periodic tiling with the additional property that it does not contain arbitrarily large periodic patches. h-cobordism and the Poincaré–Hopf theorem are considerations. A set of tile-types (or prototiles) is aperiodic if copies of these tiles can form only non-periodic tilings. The Penrose tilings are the best-known examples of aperiodic tilings.
In mathematics, the Poincaré–Hopf theorem (also known as the Poincaré–Hopf index formula, Poincaré–Hopf index theorem, or Hopf index theorem) is an important theorem that is used in differential topology. It is named after Henri Poincaré and Heinz Hopf. The Poincaré–Hopf theorem is often illustrated by the special case of the hairy ball theorem, which simply states that there is no smooth vector field on a sphere having no sources or sinks.
In mathematical physics, the gamma matrices, , also known as the Dirac matrices, are a set of conventional matrices with specific anticommutation relations that ensure they generate a matrix representation of the Clifford algebra Cℓ1,3(R). It is also possible to define higher-dimensional gamma matrices. When interpreted as the matrices of the action of a set of orthogonal basis vectors for contravariant vectors in Minkowski space, the column vectors on which the matrices act become a space of spinors, on which the Clifford algebra of spacetime acts. This in turn makes it possible to represent infinitesimal spatial rotations and Lorentz boosts. Spinors facilitate spacetime computations in general, and in particular are fundamental to the Dirac equation for relativistic spin-½ particles.
ORNL has a long history of developing custom applications for simulating a range of plasma physics phenomena supporting the DOE-Fusion Energy Science Program.
Plasma modeling
Plasma Modeling refers to solving equations of motion that describe the state of a plasma.Complex electricity
By
Chris Budd
Understanding the complex behavior of confined plasmas has led researchers to formulate the fundamental equations of plasma physics. This foundational work and understanding of plasmas has led to important advances in fields as diverse as computers, lighting, waste handling, space physics,switches and relays, and lasers.
Representation of Waves via Complex Functions
Richard Fitzpatrick
Professor of Physics
The University of Texas at Austin
Multidimensional Scaling
Serenity Sells suggest a related problem as the minimum cost circulation problem, which can be used for solving minimum cost flow may be applicable with materials that exhibit antiferromagnetism, the magnetic moments of atoms or molecules, usually related to the spins of electrons, align in a regular pattern with neighboring spins (on different sublattices) pointing in opposite directions. The circulation problem and its variants are a generalisation of network flow problems, with the added constraint of a lower bound on edge flows, and with flow conservation also being required for the source and sink (i.e. there are no special nodes). In variants of the problem, there are multiple commodities flowing through the network, and a cost on the flow.Skunk Works' Exotic Fusion Reactor Program Moves Forward With Larger, More Powerful Design
This will be the company's fifth major design iteration as it pushes ahead toward building a potentially revolutionary practical prototype.
By Joseph TrevithickA toroidal moment is an independent term in the multipole expansion of electromagnetic fields besides magnetic and electric multipoles. In the electrostatic multipole expansion, all charge and current distributions can be expanded into a complete set of electric and magnetic multipole coefficients. However, additional terms arise in an electrodynamic multipole expansion. The coefficients of these terms are given by the toroidal multipole moments as well as time derivatives of the electric and magnetic multipole moments. While electric dipoles can be understood as separated charges and magnetic dipoles as circular currents, axial (or electric) toroidal dipoles describes toroidal charge arrangements whereas polar (or magnetic) toroidal dipole (also called anapole) correspond to the field of a solenoid bent into a torus.
Magnetic space group
In solid
state physics, the magnetic space groups, or Shubnikov
groups, are the symmetry
groups which classify the symmetries of a crystal both in space,
and in a two-valued property such as electron spin (electron magnetic moment). To represent such a property, each lattice point is colored
black or white,
and in addition to the usual three-dimensional symmetry operations, there is a so-called "antisymmetry"
operation which turns all black lattice points white and all white
lattice points black. Thus, the magnetic space groups serve as an
extension to the crystallographic space groups which describe spatial symmetry alone.
Polywell plasma, magnetic mirror,
energy reflecting matter
By David Hirsch
...
The neutron magnetic moment is the intrinsic magnetic dipole moment of the neutron, symbol μn. Serenity Sells suggests a Neutron Magnetic torodial dipole moment for a toroidal ion trap.
In magnetism the Stoner–Wohlfarth astroid curve is a curve that separates regions with two minima of the free energy density from those with only one energy minimum. It is a geometric representation of the Stoner–Wohlfarth model. This curve is of particular importance as discontinuous changes of the magnetization can take place when crossing it.
In geometry, a simplex (plural: simplexes or simplices) is a generalization of the notion of a triangle or tetrahedron to arbitrary dimensions. In mathematics, a simplicial set is an object made up of "simplices" in a specific way. Simplicial sets are higher-dimensional generalizations of directed graphs, partially ordered sets and categories.
The particle-in-cell (PIC) method refers to a technique used to solve a certain class of partial differential equations. In this method, individual particles (or fluid elements) in a Lagrangian frame are tracked in continuous phase space, whereas moments of the distribution such as densities and currents are computed simultaneously on Eulerian (stationary) mesh points.
...
Polywell plasma, magnetic mirror,
energy reflecting matter
By David Hirsch
...
The neutron magnetic moment is the intrinsic magnetic dipole moment of the neutron, symbol μn. Serenity Sells suggests a Neutron Magnetic torodial dipole moment for a toroidal ion trap.
In magnetism the Stoner–Wohlfarth astroid curve is a curve that separates regions with two minima of the free energy density from those with only one energy minimum. It is a geometric representation of the Stoner–Wohlfarth model. This curve is of particular importance as discontinuous changes of the magnetization can take place when crossing it.
In geometry, a simplex (plural: simplexes or simplices) is a generalization of the notion of a triangle or tetrahedron to arbitrary dimensions. In mathematics, a simplicial set is an object made up of "simplices" in a specific way. Simplicial sets are higher-dimensional generalizations of directed graphs, partially ordered sets and categories.
The particle-in-cell (PIC) method refers to a technique used to solve a certain class of partial differential equations. In this method, individual particles (or fluid elements) in a Lagrangian frame are tracked in continuous phase space, whereas moments of the distribution such as densities and currents are computed simultaneously on Eulerian (stationary) mesh points.
...
Borophene: The most exciting new material you’ve never heard of
Borophene, a single-atom layer of the element boron, is super-strong and super-flexible–plus it’s a superconductor.
Lithium–silicon electrodes are a lithium-ion battery technology that employ a silicon anode and lithium ions as the charge carriers. Silicon has a much larger energy density (25 times as many lithium ions) than graphite. Silicon's large volume change when lithium is inserted is the main obstacle to commercializing this device. Commercial battery anodes may have small amounts of silicon, boosting their performance slightly. The amounts are closely held trade secrets, limited as of 2018 to at most 10% of the anode.
Module
for
HouseholderTransformation
Theorem (Householder Reflection)
TX HB 2 TX SB 2 Householder (Buddhism) transformation, 2019 Samsara Session in Tejas with Holotropic Breathwork™
By David Hirsch
Research Article
Optimising the Performance of Cement-Based Batteries
Aimee Byrne,1 Shane Barry,1 Niall Holmes,1 and Brian Norton2
1School of Civil & Structural Engineering, Dublin Institute of Technology, Bolton St., Dublin 1, Ireland
2Dublin Energy Lab, Dublin Institute of Technology, Grangegorman, Dublin 7, Ireland
Serenity
Sells suggests teaming agreements with Texas Tech, UT and A&M may
address technology gaps to serve our great state of Texas.
Concrete is made up of three basic components: water, aggregate (rock, sand, or gravel) and Portland cement. Every Hausdorff space is weak Hausdorff. As a separation property, it is stronger than T1 (which says that points are closed): every weak Hausdorff space is a T1 space. In mathematics, a weak Hausdorff space or weakly Hausdorff space is a topological space where the image of every continuous map from a compact Hausdorff space into the space is closed. In mathematics, Hausdorff dimension (a.k.a. fractal dimension) is a measure of roughness and/or chaos that was first introduced in 1918 by mathematician Felix Hausdorff.
Three Laws, Four Basic Forces and Four types of bonds
By David Hirsch
Report No.:
FHWA-HRT-06-133
Author(s):
Michael D.A. Thomas [and four others]
Alkali-silica
reaction (ASR) was first identified as a form of concrete deterioration
in the late 1930s (Stanton 1940). Approximately 10 years later, it was
discovered that lithium compounds can be used to control expansion due
to ASR. There has recently been increased interest in using lithium
technologies to both control ASR in new concrete and to retard the
reaction in existing ASR-affected structures.
Smale's Problems, modulus and argument with Bridges' Transition Model
By David Hirsch
Urbix Resources, an advanced graphite company based in Mesa,
Arizona, has produced the first economically viable graphene-enhanced
lightweight concrete, an achievement that represents an industry
breakthrough.
As a SBIR ESCO, I have composed a research article which details aspects of implementing a business plan, such as modeling net operating income.
Green Lease Leadership meet Grassroots Leadership
Borophene battery brick head idea?
Stonewalling is a refusal to communicate or cooperate. Such behavior occurs in situations such as marriage guidance counseling, diplomatic negotiations, politics and legal cases. delay or block (a request, process, or person) by refusing to answer questions or by giving evasive replies, especially in politics.
(Trade wars) undoubtedly sharpen national antagonisms. They also provide excellent opportunities for nationalist leaders to arouse popular resentment. ... international economic relations provide them with
an excellent instrument for them to achieve their ends, just as promise
of a quick and crushing victory by means of arieal superiority
undoubtedly contributed in a most important way to the present war. - Albert Otto Hirschman
The Gannett Mockingbird Elder Sledgehammer and the Wall
Bretton Woods-GATT, 1941–1947.
What is the main purpose of the GATT?
The General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT) is a multilateral
agreement regulating international trade. According to its preamble, its
purpose is the “substantial reduction of tariffs and other trade
barriers and the elimination of preferences, on a reciprocal and
mutually advantageous basis."
We learned that a prohibitive protective tariff is a gun that recoils upon ourselves.—Cordell Hull
Energy Charter
MODEL INTERGOVERNMENTAL AND HOST GOVERNMENT AGREEMENTS FOR CROSS-BORDER ELECTRICITY PROJECT
National Emission Standards for Hazardous Air Pollutants: Asphalt Processing and Asphalt Roofing Manufacturing Residual Risk and Technology Review
A Proposed Rule by the Environmental Protection Agency on 05/02/2019
A case study in Kansas city Missouri
Architects may utilize solar capturing roofing as
Website: www.austintexas.gov/empower
Factoring is a financial transaction and a type of debtor finance in which a business sells its accounts receivable (i.e., invoices) to a third party (called a factor) at a discount. A business will sometimes factor its receivable assets to meet its present and immediate cash needs.
Factoring Polynomials Calculator
Unlike traditional factoring, where a supplier wants to finance its receivables, reverse factoring (or supply chain financing) is a financing solution initiated by the ordering party (the customer) in order to help its suppliers to finance its receivables more easily and at a lower interest rate than what would normally be offered.
Factoring is a financial transaction and a type of debtor finance in which a business sells its accounts receivable (i.e., invoices) to a third party (called a factor) at a discount. A business will sometimes factor its receivable assets to meet its present and immediate cash needs.
Factoring Polynomials Calculator
Unlike traditional factoring, where a supplier wants to finance its receivables, reverse factoring (or supply chain financing) is a financing solution initiated by the ordering party (the customer) in order to help its suppliers to finance its receivables more easily and at a lower interest rate than what would normally be offered.
Development Incentives and Agreements
Doing business as Serenity Sells, inside sells and innovations, I have contacted
AJ Drilling, Inc. has over 75 years of combined experience in
foundation drilling.
and
as well as
https://www.urbanminingco.com/
block grant
block grant
/ˈblôk ˌɡrant/
noun
- a grant from central government which a local authority can allocate to a wide range of services.
Eigenmode expansion
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