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Magnetic space group, Graphene reinforced CSA Cement, minimum-cost flow problem (MCFP)

Lithium and Mineral Resources from Brines

In Latin, calculus means "small pebble used for counting."
The lithium ion battery will be a reliable electrical resource for many years to come. A simple model of the lithium ions motion due to changes in concentration and voltage is presented. The battery chosen has LiCoO2 as the cathode, LiPF6 as the electrolyte, and LiC6 as the anode. The concentration gradient and voltage gradient is linearized in two forms of Fick’s first law of diffusion. The voltage gradient increases the motion of the lithium ions by a factor of 100 compared to the concentration gradient.

Tiny silicon particles could power lithium ion batteries with 10 times more capacity

“Silicon shows promise for building much higher-capacity batteries because it's abundant and can absorb much more lithium than the graphite used in current lithium ion batteries.”

Lithium (from Greek: λίθος, romanized: lithos, lit. 'stone') is a chemical element with symbol Li and atomic number 3.

A passivation layer called the solid electrolyte interphase (SEI) is formed on electrode surfaces from decomposition products of electrolytes. 

An alkaline battery (IEC code: L) is a type of primary battery which derives its energy from the reaction between zinc metal and manganese dioxide. Magnesium batteries are batteries that utilize magnesium cations as the active charge transporting agent in solution and as the elemental anode of an electrochemical cell. A zinc–carbon battery is a dry cell primary battery that delivers about 1.5 volts of direct current from the electrochemical reaction between zinc and manganese dioxide.

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‘Holy Grail’ for Batteries:

 Solid-State Magnesium Battery 

a Big Step Closer

Berkeley Lab leads discovery of the fastest magnesium-ion solid-state conductor to date

Boron is a chemical element with symbol B and atomic number 5.

Magnesium Ethylenediamine 

Borohydride as 

Solid-State Electrolyte

 for Magnesium Batteries

Scientific Reports volume 7, Article number: 46189 (2017)

Borophene is a crystalline atomic monolayer of boron, i.e., it is a two-dimensional allotrope of boron and also known as boron sheet.

Magnesium Batteries: New Discovery




Calcium carbonate is a chemical compound with the formula CaCO₃. It is a common substance found in rocks as the minerals calcite and aragonite and is the main component of pearls and the shells of marine organisms, snails, and eggs.

California-based Calera Corp., claims to have found a way for cement production to absorb more carbon dioxide than it emits, acting as a vehicle for carbon capture and sequestration, or CCS.

Similar to how certain corals produce reefs by excreting dissolved calcium carbonate, or limestone, Calera sends carbon dioxide emissions through seawater to create a chalky carbonate byproduct. This cement substance is then mixed with aggregate and water to create concrete. Its production avoids the need to heat the cement materials in coal-fired kilns, while sequestering carbon throughout the process, the company says.

Concrete is made up of three basic components: water, aggregate (rock, sand, or gravel) and Portland cement. Cement, usually in powder form, acts as a binding agent when mixed with water and aggregates.

Bendable concrete and other CO2-infused cement mixes could dramatically cut global emissions

Projected demand for electricity as validity of the fundamental theorem of calculus
Applied Calculus for the Managerial, Life, and Social Sciences
By Soo T. Tan

Carbon (from Latin: carbo "coal") is a chemical element with symbol C and atomic number 6.

The advantages of C.S.A. cement
What is CSA Cement?
Calcium Sulfoaluminate cement (CSA Cement forshort), was developed in China.This special cement distinguishes itself from Portland cement by a high-speed bonding, fast strength development, and a shrinkage reduction.CSA Cement has been used for decades as a binder in concrete for bridges, airport start-and runways, concrete road-repair, and many other applicationswhere a quick reuse is required. Nowadays, CSA cement is also used in dry mortarsfor self-levelling floors, levelling compounds, casting mortars, tile adhesives, grouts, etc.
...
Low alkaliCS
Reduced CO2emissions
CSA cement is considered to be a green binder because of the following factors: 1.CSA cement is calcined at 1250oC (2250oF) whereas Portland is calcined at a temperature of 1500oC (2700oC).2.CSA clinker is much softer compared to Portland clinker, which reduces the energy requirement during grinding. It is estimated that the production of Portland cement is responsible for approximately 8% of the total, worldwide emission of CO2. Carbon dioxide is released in the air when CaO changes to CaCO3during calcination.For every 1000kg (2200 lbs) of Portland cement produced, 579kg (1275 lbs) of Co2 is emitted. This is solely based on the chemical reaction, regardless of the fuel used during production. Understandably the use of fossil fuels would further increase this number. In contrast the production of CSA cement emits 216kg (476 lbs)of CO2 for every 1000kg produced, which shows a 62% reduction compared to the production of Portland. The production of CSA cement has the lowest emission of CO2 compared to other alternative cements such as magnesium cement (Sorel), sodium metasilicate (water glass), and calcium aluminate cement.  

China Raises Threat of Rare-Earths Cutoff to U.S.

Beijing could slam every corner of the American economy, from oil refineries to wind turbines to jet engines, by banning exports of crucial minerals.

By Keith Johnson, Elias Groll
| May 21, 2019

Ozone layer: Banned CFCs traced to China say scientists

China's Latest Trade Threat Could Actually Turn Out To Be A Huge Opportunity For the US

Bad news, Beijing. 
by Michael Bastasch

Innovative new ‘green’ concrete using graphene 

A new greener, stronger and more durable concrete that is made using the wonder-material graphene could revolutionise the construction industry. Experts from the University of Exeter have developed a pioneering new technique that uses nanoengineering technology to incorporate graphene into traditional concrete production.

Energy Industry Review Staff,  May 8, 2018

Graphene reinforced concrete is twice as strong and four times more water resistant. ... Crucially, the new graphene-reinforced concentre material also drastically reduced the carbon footprint of conventional concrete production methods, making it more sustainable and environmentally friendly.

Graphene (/ˈɡræf.iːn/) is an allotrope of carbon in the form of a two-dimensional, atomic-scale, hexagonal lattice in which one atom forms each vertex. It is the basic structural element of other allotropes, including graphite, charcoal, carbon nanotubes and fullerenes. It can also be considered as an indefinitely large aromatic molecule, the ultimate case of the family of flat polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons.

What’s the Magic 

Behind Graphene’s ‘Magic’ Angle?

A new theoretical model may help explain the shocking onset of superconductivity in stacked, twisted carbon sheets.

Allotropy or allotropism (from Ancient Greek ἄλλος (allos), meaning 'other', and τρόπος (tropos), meaning 'manner, form') is the property of some chemical elements to exist in two or more different forms, in the same physical state, known as allotropes of the elements. Allotropes are different structural modifications of an element; the atoms of the element are bonded together in a different manner. For example, the allotropes of carbon include diamond (the carbon atoms are bonded together in a tetrahedral lattice arrangement), graphite (the carbon atoms are bonded together in sheets of a hexagonal lattice), graphene (single sheets of graphite), and fullerenes (the carbon atoms are bonded together in spherical, tubular, or ellipsoidal formations). The term allotropy is used for elements only, not for compounds. The more general term, used for any crystalline material, is polymorphism.



CONDENSED MATTER THEORY
An anode is an electrode through which the conventional current enters into a polarized electrical device. This contrasts with a cathode, an electrode through which conventional current leaves an electrical device. A common mnemonic is ACID for "anode current into device" The direction of conventional current (the flow of positive charges) in a circuit is opposite to the direction of electron flow, so (negatively charged) electrons flow out the anode into the outside circuit. In a galvanic cell, the anode is the electrode at which the oxidation reaction occurs.

Lithium–silicon electrodes are a lithium-ion battery technology that employ a silicon anode and lithium ions as the charge carriers. Silicon has a much larger energy density (25 times as many lithium ions) than graphite. Silicon's large volume change when lithium is inserted is the main obstacle to commercializing this device. Commercial battery anodes may have small amounts of silicon, boosting their performance slightly. The amounts are closely held trade secrets, limited as of 2018 to at most 10% of the anode.

A crystalline silicon anode has a theoretical specific capacity of 3600 mAh/g, approximately ten times that of anodes such as graphite (372 mAh/g). Each silicon atom can bind up to 3.75 lithium atoms in its fully lithiated state (Li 3.75Si), compared to one lithium atom per 6 carbon atoms for the fully lithiated graphite (LiC 6).

Lithium borosilicate framework:
Specific capacity and volume change for some anode materials

Anode material Specific capacity (mAh/g) Volume change
Li 3862 -
LiC
6
372 10%
Li
13Sn
5
990 252%
Li
9Al
4
2235 604%
Li
15Si
4
3600 320%

A cathode is the electrode from which a conventional current leaves a polarized electrical device. This definition can be recalled by using the mnemonic CCD for Cathode Current Departs. A conventional current describes the direction in which positive charges move. Electrons have a negative electrical charge, so the movement of electrons is opposite to that of the conventional current flow. Consequently, the mnemonic cathode current departs also means that electrons flow into the device's cathode from the external circuit.

chasm K clique number v.

 schism clan complex network

By David Hirsch

Lithium borate, also known as lithium tetraborate is an inorganic compound with the formula Li2B4O7. A colorless solid, lithium borate is used in making glasses and ceramics.
Borate backbone of Li2B4O7.

A nanowire battery uses nanowires to increase the surface area of one or both of its electrodes. Some designs (silicon, germanium and transition metal oxides), variations of the lithium-ion battery have been announced, although none are commercially available. All of the concepts replace the traditional graphite anode and could improve battery performance.

Oxygen is the chemical element with the symbol O and atomic number 8.

Specific heat capacity of materials

Specific Heat Capacity of common materials

WEST CHESTER UNIVERSITY PERIODIC TABLE DISPLAY 
  • West Chester University
  • 700 South High Street
  • West Chester, PA 19383

USGS Releases New Topo Maps for Texas & Oklahoma

A zero-energy building, also known as a zero net energy (ZNE) building, net-zero energy building (NZEB), net zero building or zero-carbon building is a building with zero net energy consumption, meaning the total amount of energy used by the building on an annual basis is roughly equal to the amount of renewable energy created on the site, or in other definitions by renewable energy sources elsewhere. These buildings consequently contribute less overall greenhouse gas to the atmosphere than similar non-ZNE buildings. They do at times consume non-renewable energy and produce greenhouse gases, but at other times reduce energy consumption and greenhouse gas production elsewhere by the same amount.

Perry Talks Of New Energy Era In America, Commends Texas For Growth Of Renewables

The Energy Secretary and former governor highlighted U.S. innovation and openness to foreign markets.

First steps in developing cement-based batteries to power cathodic protection of embedded steel in concrete
Niall Holmes
Aimee Byrne
SCHOOL OF CIVIL& STRUCTURAL ENGINEERING, DUBLIN INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY
Professor Brian Norton 
PRESIDENT DUBLIN INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY 

Clock ticking on efforts to find British Steel buyer


Calcium aluminate cements are cements consisting predominantly of hydraulic calcium aluminates. Alternative names are "aluminous cement", "high-alumina cement" and "Ciment fondu" in French.

Platonic solid constructed by congruent (identical in shape and size) regular (all angles equal and all sides equal) polygonal  faces with the same number of faces meeting at each vertex.

Hexagonal crystal family

In crystallography, the hexagonal crystal family is one of the 6 crystal families, which includes 2 crystal systems (hexagonal and trigonal) and 2 lattice systems (hexagonal and rhombohedral).

The hexagonal crystal family consists of two lattice systems: hexagonal and rhombohedral. Each lattice system consists of one Bravais lattice.

A crystal ball, also known as an orbuculum, is a crystal or glass ball and common fortune telling object. Franz Friedrich Anton Mesmer was a German doctor known for 'animal magnetism'. The word “mesmerize” dates back to an 18th century Austrian physician named Franz Anton Mesmer (1734-1815). He established a theory of illness that involved internal magnetic forces, which he called animal magnetism. Indeed from this developing school, a family of ideals:

Carl Jung adapted the word numinous to depict spiritual, presupposing that archetypes 'appear' from behind the Kantian veil of the noumena. Numen is a Latin word, deriving from the verb nuere, meaning “to nod.”  Its original meaning was “a nod.” You might well wonder how it comes to have anything to do with the Divine, the Self and Jung’s concerns. It came to mean “divine will or divine power of the gods” from the Greek and Roman practice of going to a temple to consult the will of the gods, at times when a person confronted a serious decision. In the temple the supplicant would stand before a statue of the god, state his problem, ask the god for guidance and then watch the statue. If it seemed to nod, the person knew the god approved the tack he planned to take. Over time numen came to be synonymous with “deity,” “Godhead,” divinity or “divine majesty.” The other 3 words mentioned above—numinous, numinosum and numinosity—Jung used frequently and all of them derive from numen.

Synchrotron

A synchrotron is a particular type of cyclic particle accelerator, descended from the cyclotron, in which the accelerating particle beam travels around a fixed closed-loop path. The magnetic field which bends the particle beam into its closed path increases with time during the accelerating process, being synchronized to the increasing kinetic energy of the particles.


Synchronicity is a concept, first introduced by analytical psychologist Carl Jung, which holds that events are "meaningful coincidences" if they occur with no causal relationship yet seem to be meaningfully related. During his career, Jung furnished several different definitions of it.

The esteemed psychologist William James says, “If there are supernormal powers, it is through the cracked and fragmented self that they enter."
The believers in the non-natural character of sudden conversion have had practically to admit that there is no unmistakable class-mark distinctive of all true converts. The super-normal incidents, such as voices and visions and overpowering impressions of the meaning of suddenly presented scripture texts, the melting emotions and tumultuous affections connected with the crisis of change, may all come by way of nature, or worse still, be counterfeited by Satan. The real witness of the spirit to the second birth is to be found only in the disposition of the genuine child of God, the permanently patient heart, the love of self eradicated. And this, it has to be admitted, is also found in those who pass no crisis, and may even be found outside of Christianity altogether.
  • Lecture X, "Conversion, concluded"
A supernormal stimulus or superstimulus is an exaggerated version of a stimulus to which there is an existing response tendency, or any stimulus that elicits a response more strongly than the stimulus for which it evolved. For example, when it comes to eggs, a bird can be made to prefer the artificial versions to their own, and humans can be similarly exploited by junk food. The idea is that the elicited behaviours evolved for the "normal" stimuli of the ancestor's natural environment, but the behaviours are now hijacked by the supernormal stimulus.

The problem of mental causation is a conceptual issue in the philosophy of mind. That problem, in short, is how to account for the common-sense idea that intentional thoughts or intentional mental states are causes of intentional actions. The problem divides into several distinct sub-problems, including the problem of causal exclusion, the problem of anomalism, and the problem of externalism. However, the sub-problem which has attracted most attention in the philosophical literature is arguably the exclusion problem.

Subliminal stimuliSubliminal perceptions, also known as subliminal messages, are messages, either visual or auditory, that are presented just beyond the threshold of human perception.


Irreducible mind :

 toward a psychology for the 21 st century I Edward F. Kelly

The Esalen Institute, commonly called Esalen, is a non-profit American retreat center and intentional community in Big Sur, California, which focuses on humanistic alternative education. The Institute played a key role in the Human Potential Movement beginning in the 1960s. Its innovative use of encounter groups, a focus on the mind-body connection, and their ongoing experimentation in personal awareness introduced many ideas that later became mainstream.

Retrocognition (also known as postcognition), from the Latin retro meaning "backward, behind" and cognition meaning "knowing," describes "knowledge of a past event which could not have been learned or inferred by normal means." The term was coined by Frederic W. H. Myers.

Precognition (from the Latin prae-, "before" and cognitio, "acquiring knowledge"), also called prescience, future vision, future sight is a claimed psychic ability to see events in the future.

Peak shift principle

This psychological phenomenon is typically known for its application in animal discrimination learning. In the peak shift effect, animals sometimes respond more strongly to exaggerated versions of the training stimuli. For instance, a rat is trained to discriminate a square from a rectangle by being rewarded for recognizing the rectangle. The rat will respond more frequently to the object for which it is being rewarded to the point that a rat will respond to a rectangle that is longer and more narrow with a higher frequency than the original with which it was trained. This is called a supernormal stimulus. The fact that the rat is responding more to a 'super' rectangle implies that it is learning a rule.

This effect can be applied to human pattern recognition and aesthetic preference. Some artists attempt to capture the very essence of something in order to evoke a direct emotional response. In other words, they try to make a 'super' rectangle to get the viewer to have an enhanced response. To capture the essence of something, an artist amplifies the differences of that object, or what makes it unique, to highlight the essential features and reduce redundant information. This process mimics what the visual areas of the brain have evolved to do and more powerfully activates the same neural mechanisms that were originally activated by the original object.


Supraliminal memory, retro cognition, unconscious cerebration,

subliminal memory, precognition:

Mental Causation

Subliminal Self

A term formerly used in psychical research to denote that part of the personality is normally beneath the "threshold" (limen ) separating consciousness from unconsciousness. The phrase owed its popularity largely to pioneer researcher F. W. H. Myers, who made use of it to explain the psychic phenomena he had observed. The view of Myers was that only a fraction of the human personality, or soul, finds adequate expression through the ordinary cerebral processes, because the brain and physical organism have not yet reached a very advanced stage of evolution. The soul, in short, is like an iceberg, with a fraction of its bulk above water but with a much greater part submerged.

The subliminal self, according to Myers, is in touch with a reservoir of psychical energy, from which it draws forces that influence the physical organism. Thus the inspiration of genius, the exaltation of the perceptive and intellectual faculties in hypnosis, and such exercises as automatic writing and talking and table turning are caused by great influxes of these psychical forces rather than by any spirit influences.
(See also Subconscious)

BEYOND PHYSICALISM : TOWARD RECONCILIATION OF SCIENCE AND SPIRITUALITY /


Hysteria
noun
exaggerated or uncontrollable emotion or excitement, especially among a group of people.


Peak experiences were originally described by psychologist Abraham Maslow as "moments of highest happiness and fulfillment" in his 1964 work Religions, Values, and Peak Experiences. 

Charles Proteus Steinmetz

Mathematician, electrical engineer, philosopher, socialist and technological pioneer
(April 9, 1865, - October 26, 1923)
 
Charles Proteus Steinmetz (April 9, 1865 – October 26, 1923) was a German-born American mathematician and electrical engineer. He fostered the development of alternating current that made possible the expansion of the electric power industry in the United States, formulating mathematical theories for engineers. He made ground-breaking discoveries in the understanding of hysteresis that enabled engineers to design better electromagnetic apparatus equipment including especially electric motors for use in industry.

AC hysteresis theory

Shortly after arriving in the U.S., Steinmetz went to work for Rudolf Eickemeyer in Yonkers, New York, and published in the field of magnetic hysteresis, which gave him world-wide professional recognition. Eickemeyer's firm developed transformers for use in the transmission of electrical power among many other mechanical and electrical devices. In 1893 Eickemeyer's company, along with all of its patents and designs, was bought by the newly formed General Electric Company, where he quickly became known as the engineering wizard in GE's engineering community.
 
Hysteresis is the dependence of the state of a system on its history. For example, a magnet may have more than one possible magnetic moment in a given magnetic field, depending on how the field changed in the past.

According to TDK:

Q.What is hysteresis material constant ηB?

A. It is a constant that represents hysteresis loss when a magnetic material is operating in the Rayleigh region, as shown in the following formula:

Here:
  • tanδh : Hysteresis loss coefficient
  • μ : Relative permeability in the Rayleigh region
  • Bm : Maximum magnetic flux density (T)
* Terminology related to ferrites can be found in the website in ”Terms Definitions and Explanations” under ”Ferrite Summary”.
* The symbol and the catalog of this data are in accordance with IEC Publication 60401-3.
* Our terminology and settings were established by reference to JIS C 2560-1,-2.  

Rayleigh Scattering

Rayleigh scattering is the elastic scattering of light by particles much smaller than the wavelength of the light, and is named after Lord Rayleigh (John William Strutt) who first described the process around 1870.

Fibrifold a fibroblast with Cure CMD and the reticular fibers!

By David Hirsch

Muscle memory is a form of procedural memory that involves consolidating a specific motor task into memory through repetition, which has been used synonymously with motor learning. When a movement is repeated over time, a long-term muscle memory is created for that task, eventually allowing it to be performed without conscious effort. This process decreases the need for attention and creates maximum efficiency within the motor and memory systems. Examples of muscle memory are found in many everyday activities that become automatic and improve with practice, such as riding a bicycle, typing on a keyboard, entering a PIN, playing a musical instrument, poker, martial arts or even dancing.

Princeton researchers solve problem filling space-- without cubes

In crystallography, crystal structure is a description of the ordered arrangement of atoms, ions or molecules in a crystalline material.

In mathematics, a Casimir element (also known as a Casimir invariant or Casimir operator) is a distinguished element of the center of the universal enveloping algebra of a Lie algebra. A prototypical example is the squared angular momentum operator, which is a Casimir element of the three-dimensional rotation group.




 

Close-packing of equal spheres

In geometry, close-packing of equal spheres is a dense arrangement of congruent spheres in an infinite, regular arrangement (or lattice). 

The Gell-Mann matrices, developed by Murray Gell-Mann, are a set of eight linearly independent 3×3 traceless Hermitian matrices used in the study of the strong interaction in particle physics.

In mathematical physics and mathematics, the Pauli matrices are a set of three 2 × 2 complex matrices which are Hermitian and unitary.

A Farey Fraction Spin Chain

P. Kleban, A. E. Ozluk (University of Maine)
We introduce a new number-theoretic spin chain and explore its thermodynamics and connections with number theory. The energy of each spin configuration is defined in a translation-invariant manner in terms of the Farey fractions, and is also expressed using Pauli matrices. We prove that the free energy exists and exhibits a unique phase transition at inverse temperature beta = 2. The free energy is the same as that of a related, non translation-invariant number-theoretic spin chain. Using a number-theoretic argument, the low-temperature (beta > 3) state is shown to be completely magnetized for long chains. The number of states of energy E = log(n) summed over chain length is expressed in terms of a restricted divisor problem. We conjecture that its asymptotic form is (n log n), consistent with the phase transition at beta = 2, and suggesting a possible connection with the Riemann zeta function. The spin interaction coefficients include all even many-body terms and are translation invariant. Computer results indicate that all the interaction coefficients, except the constant term, are ferromagnetic.




Thomas Prellberg 

 
...A degree of a radical argument...

As the nth root of

Abel's impossibility theorem

In mathematics, a finite field or Galois field (so-named in honor of Évariste Galois) is a field that contains a finite number of elements. Évariste Galois was a radical republican and something of a romantic figure in French mathematical history. He died in a duel at the young age of 20... a degree of a radical argument, indeed:

Equations of the Fifth Degree

ROYAL IRISH ACADEMY, May 22nd, 1837

By David Hirsch

Journal of Physics D: Applied Physics
RESEARCH NOTES

The lattice parameters of 

some alloys of lithium

, and

A Graph is a set of points (called nodes or vertices), any two of which may or may not be connected by a line. (flow network graph theory for graphene)


In mathematics, graph theory is the study of graphs, which are mathematical structures used to model pairwise relations between objects. A graph in this context is made up of vertices (also called nodes or points) which are connected by edges (also called links or lines) In graph theory, a flow network (also known as a transportation network) is a directed graph where each edge has a capacity and each edge receives a flow. The amount of flow on an edge cannot exceed the capacity of the edge. Often in operations research, a directed graph is called a network, the vertices are called nodes and the edges are called arcs.

Max-flow min-cut theorem

In mathematical optimization, the network simplex algorithm is a graph theoretic specialization of the simplex algorithm. The algorithm is usually formulated in terms of a standard problem, minimum-cost flow problem and can be efficiently solved in polynomial time. The network simplex method works very well in practice, typically 200 to 300 times faster than the simplex method applied to general linear program of same dimensions.

Stability of calcium aluminate cement matrices mixed with borate solution

Calcium sulfoaluminate cements (CSA) are a promising low-CO2 alternative to ordinary Portland.

sulfoaluminate (plural sulfoaluminates)
  1. (inorganic chemistry) Any of several mineral salts that contain an equimolar mixture of sulfate and silicate; the calcium salt is used as a rapid-setting cement.

Spacegroup

In mathematics, physics and chemistry, a space group is the symmetry group of a configuration in space, usually in three dimensions.

Magnetic groups and time reversal

In addition to crystallographic space groups there are also magnetic space groups (also called two-color (black and white) crystallographic groups or Shubnikov groups). These symmetries contain an element known as time reversal. They treat time as an additional dimension, and the group elements can include time reversal as reflection in it. They are of importance in magnetic structures that contain ordered unpaired spins, i.e. ferro-, ferri- or antiferromagnetic structures as studied by neutron diffraction. The time reversal element flips a magnetic spin while leaving all other structure the same and it can be combined with a number of other symmetry elements. Including time reversal there are 1651 magnetic space groups in 3D (Kim 1999, p.428). It has also been possible to construct magnetic versions for other overall and lattice dimensions (Daniel Litvin's papers, (Litvin 2008), (Litvin 2005)).

In mathematics, a fibrifold is (roughly) a fiber space whose fibers and base spaces are orbifolds. A wallpaper group (or plane symmetry group or plane crystallographic group) is a mathematical classification of a two-dimensional repetitive pattern, based on the symmetries in the pattern. Fibered manifold surjective differentiable mapping's are a consideration in  algebraic fiber space. In mathematics, the tangent space of a manifold facilitates the generalization of vectors from affine spaces to general manifolds, since in the latter case one cannot simply subtract two points to obtain a vector that gives the displacement of the one point from the other.

In mathematics, the Killing form, named after Wilhelm Killing, is a symmetric bilinear form that plays a basic role in the theories of Lie groups and Lie algebras.


In mathematics, a versor is a quaternion of norm one (a unit quaternion). Two directed line segments are equipollent when they have the same length and direction. A displacement is a vector whose length is the shortest distance from the initial to the final position of a point P. It quantifies both the distance and direction of an imaginary motion along a straight line from the initial position to the final position of the point. A displacement may be identified with the translation that maps the initial position to the final position.

Kinematic viscosity is the measure of the inherent resistance of a fluid to flow when no external force is exerted, except gravity. Kinematic viscosity can be obtained by dividing the absolute viscosity of a fluid with the fluid mass density. The Reynolds number is a dimensionless value that measures the ratio of inertial forces to viscous forces and describes the degree of laminar or turbulent flow. In engineering, applied mathematics, and physics, the Buckingham p theorem is a key theorem in dimensional analysis.

Quantum entanglement is a physical phenomenon that occurs when pairs or groups of particles are generated, interact, or share spatial proximity in ways such that the quantum state of each particle cannot be described independently of the state of the others, even when the particles are separated by a large distance.

Photonic-crystal fiber (PCF) is a class of optical fiber based on the properties of photonic crystals. Serenity Sells suggests a Schubert Calculus algebraic fiber space cobordism fibered manifold to model CSA Cement 'green cement' Borophene battery block(s) as a SBIR ESCO:
 
Folkman's theorem, Ken Brown's lemma, and Solving Recurrences in Double Free set Chern Class Degrees of Freedom with Schubert calculus

...
The factorisation lemma is a fundamental tool in the theory of categories of fibrant objects (dually: of cofibrant objects).
...
In mathematics, in particular in algebraic topology, differential geometry and algebraic geometry, the Chern classes are characteristic classes associated with complex vector bundles.

The HM-GM-AM-QM Inequalities
The geometric mean–arithmetic mean–quadratic mean inequalities.

By Philip Wagala Gwanyama
...
'Lumping turns Calculus on its head. Whereas Calculus analyzes a changing process by dividing it into ever finer intervals, lumping simplifies a changing process by combining it into one unchanging process.' - Street Fighting Mathematics pg. 54 'Lumping, by replacing a curve with a rectangle whose area is easily computed, is already a pictorial analysis.' (Summing series) pg. 73

The phrase "Schubert calculus" is sometimes used to mean the enumerative geometry of linear subspaces, roughly equivalent to describing the cohomology ring of Grassmannians, and sometimes used to mean the more general enumerative geometry of nonlinear varieties.

The objects introduced by Schubert are the Schubert cells, which are locally closed sets in a Grassmannian defined by conditions of incidence of a linear subspace in projective space with a given flag. 
...

The Poincaré group, named after Henri Poincaré (1906), was first defined by Minkowski (1908) as the group of Minkowski spacetime isometries. It is a ten-dimensional non-abelian Lie group of fundamental importance in physics.

An aperiodic tiling is a non-periodic tiling with the additional property that it does not contain arbitrarily large periodic patches. h-cobordism and the Poincaré–Hopf theorem are considerations. A set of tile-types (or prototiles) is aperiodic if copies of these tiles can form only non-periodic tilings. The Penrose tilings are the best-known examples of aperiodic tilings.

In mathematics, the Poincaré–Hopf theorem (also known as the Poincaré–Hopf index formula, Poincaré–Hopf index theorem, or Hopf index theorem) is an important theorem that is used in differential topology. It is named after Henri Poincaré and Heinz Hopf. The Poincaré–Hopf theorem is often illustrated by the special case of the hairy ball theorem, which simply states that there is no smooth vector field on a sphere having no sources or sinks.

In mathematical physics, the gamma matrices, also known as the Dirac matrices, are a set of conventional matrices with specific anticommutation relations that ensure they generate a matrix representation of the Clifford algebra C1,3(R). It is also possible to define higher-dimensional gamma matrices. When interpreted as the matrices of the action of a set of orthogonal basis vectors for contravariant vectors in Minkowski space, the column vectors on which the matrices act become a space of spinors, on which the Clifford algebra of spacetime acts. This in turn makes it possible to represent infinitesimal spatial rotations and Lorentz boosts. Spinors facilitate spacetime computations in general, and in particular are fundamental to the Dirac equation for relativistic spin-½ particles.
ORNL has a long history of developing custom applications for simulating a range of plasma physics phenomena supporting the DOE-Fusion Energy Science Program.

Plasma modeling

Plasma Modeling refers to solving equations of motion that describe the state of a plasma.

Complex electricity
By
Chris Budd

Understanding the complex behavior of confined plasmas has led researchers to formulate the fundamental equations of plasma physics. This foundational work and understanding of plasmas has led to important advances in fields as diverse as computers, lighting, waste handling, space physics,switches and relays, and lasers.

Representation of Waves via Complex Functions


Richard Fitzpatrick
Professor of Physics
The University of Texas at Austin

Multidimensional Scaling

Serenity Sells suggest a related problem as the minimum cost circulation problem, which can be used for solving minimum cost flow may be applicable with materials that exhibit antiferromagnetism, the magnetic moments of atoms or molecules, usually related to the spins of electrons, align in a regular pattern with neighboring spins (on different sublattices) pointing in opposite directions. The circulation problem and its variants are a generalisation of network flow problems, with the added constraint of a lower bound on edge flows, and with flow conservation also being required for the source and sink (i.e. there are no special nodes). In variants of the problem, there are multiple commodities flowing through the network, and a cost on the flow.   

Skunk Works' Exotic Fusion Reactor Program Moves Forward With Larger, More Powerful Design

This will be the company's fifth major design iteration as it pushes ahead toward building a potentially revolutionary practical prototype.

By Joseph Trevithick


A toroidal moment is an independent term in the multipole expansion of electromagnetic fields besides magnetic and electric multipoles. In the electrostatic multipole expansion, all charge and current distributions can be expanded into a complete set of electric and magnetic multipole coefficients. However, additional terms arise in an electrodynamic multipole expansion. The coefficients of these terms are given by the toroidal multipole moments as well as time derivatives of the electric and magnetic multipole moments. While electric dipoles can be understood as separated charges and magnetic dipoles as circular currents, axial (or electric) toroidal dipoles describes toroidal charge arrangements whereas polar (or magnetic) toroidal dipole (also called anapole) correspond to the field of a solenoid bent into a torus. 

Magnetic space group

In solid state physics, the magnetic space groups, or Shubnikov groups, are the symmetry groups which classify the symmetries of a crystal both in space, and in a two-valued property such as electron spin (electron magnetic moment). To represent such a property, each lattice point is colored black or white, and in addition to the usual three-dimensional symmetry operations, there is a so-called "antisymmetry" operation which turns all black lattice points white and all white lattice points black. Thus, the magnetic space groups serve as an extension to the crystallographic space groups which describe spatial symmetry alone.


Polywell plasma, magnetic mirror,

energy reflecting matter



By David Hirsch
...
The neutron magnetic moment is the intrinsic magnetic dipole moment of the neutron, symbol μn.  Serenity Sells suggests a Neutron Magnetic torodial dipole moment for a toroidal ion trap.

In magnetism the Stoner–Wohlfarth astroid curve is a curve that separates regions with two minima of the free energy density from those with only one energy minimum. It is a geometric representation of the Stoner–Wohlfarth model. This curve is of particular importance as discontinuous changes of the magnetization can take place when crossing it.

In geometry, a simplex (plural: simplexes or simplices) is a generalization of the notion of a triangle or tetrahedron to arbitrary dimensions. In mathematics, a simplicial set is an object made up of "simplices" in a specific way. Simplicial sets are higher-dimensional generalizations of directed graphs, partially ordered sets and categories. 

The particle-in-cell (PIC) method refers to a technique used to solve a certain class of partial differential equations. In this method, individual particles (or fluid elements) in a Lagrangian frame are tracked in continuous phase space, whereas moments of the distribution such as densities and currents are computed simultaneously on Eulerian (stationary) mesh points.
...  

Borophene: The most exciting new material you’ve never heard of

Borophene, a single-atom layer of the element boron, is super-strong and super-flexible–plus it’s a superconductor.

Products

Lithium Silicate Densifiers


Lithium–silicon electrodes are a lithium-ion battery technology that employ a silicon anode and lithium ions as the charge carriers. Silicon has a much larger energy density (25 times as many lithium ions) than graphite. Silicon's large volume change when lithium is inserted is the main obstacle to commercializing this device. Commercial battery anodes may have small amounts of silicon, boosting their performance slightly. The amounts are closely held trade secrets, limited as of 2018 to at most 10% of the anode.

Module 
for
HouseholderTransformation

Theorem (Householder Reflection) 

TX HB 2 TX SB 2 Householder (Buddhism) transformation, 2019 Samsara Session in Tejas with Holotropic Breathwork™ 

By David Hirsch

Research Article
Optimising the Performance of Cement-Based Batteries
Aimee Byrne,1 Shane Barry,1 Niall Holmes,1 and Brian Norton2

1School of Civil & Structural Engineering, Dublin Institute of Technology, Bolton St., Dublin 1, Ireland
2Dublin Energy Lab, Dublin Institute of Technology, Grangegorman, Dublin 7, Ireland
Serenity Sells suggests teaming agreements with Texas Tech, UT and A&M may address technology gaps to serve our great state of Texas.
Concrete is made up of three basic components: water, aggregate (rock, sand, or gravel) and Portland cement. Every Hausdorff space is weak Hausdorff. As a separation property, it is stronger than T1 (which says that points are closed): every weak Hausdorff space is a T1 space. In mathematics, a weak Hausdorff space or weakly Hausdorff space is a topological space where the image of every continuous map from a compact Hausdorff space into the space is closed. In mathematics, Hausdorff dimension (a.k.a. fractal dimension) is a measure of roughness and/or chaos that was first introduced in 1918 by mathematician Felix Hausdorff.

Three Laws, Four Basic Forces and Four types of bonds

By David Hirsch
Report No.:
FHWA-HRT-06-133
Author(s):
Michael D.A. Thomas [and four others]

Alkali-silica reaction (ASR) was first identified as a form of concrete deterioration in the late 1930s (Stanton 1940). Approximately 10 years later, it was discovered that lithium compounds can be used to control expansion due to ASR. There has recently been increased interest in using lithium technologies to both control ASR in new concrete and to retard the reaction in existing ASR-affected structures.

Smale's Problems, modulus and argument with Bridges' Transition Model

By David Hirsch

Urbix Resources, an advanced graphite company based in Mesa, Arizona, has produced the first economically viable graphene-enhanced lightweight concrete, an achievement that represents an industry breakthrough.

As a SBIR ESCO, I have composed a research article which details aspects of implementing a business plan, such as modeling net operating income.

Green Lease Leadership meet Grassroots Leadership

Borophene battery brick head idea?

Stonewalling is a refusal to communicate or cooperate. Such behavior occurs in situations such as marriage guidance counseling, diplomatic negotiations, politics and legal cases. delay or block (a request, process, or person) by refusing to answer questions or by giving evasive replies, especially in politics.

(Trade wars) undoubtedly sharpen national antagonisms. They also provide excellent opportunities for nationalist leaders to arouse popular resentment. ... international economic relations provide them with an excellent instrument for them to achieve their ends, just as promise of a quick and crushing victory by means of arieal superiority undoubtedly contributed in a most important way to the present war. - Albert Otto Hirschman

The Gannett Mockingbird Elder Sledgehammer and the Wall

Bretton Woods-GATT, 1941–1947.

What is the main purpose of the GATT?
The General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT) is a multilateral agreement regulating international trade. According to its preamble, its purpose is the “substantial reduction of tariffs and other trade barriers and the elimination of preferences, on a reciprocal and mutually advantageous basis."

We learned that a prohibitive protective tariff is a gun that recoils upon ourselves.—Cordell Hull

Energy Charter
MODEL INTERGOVERNMENTAL AND HOST GOVERNMENT AGREEMENTS FOR CROSS-BORDER ELECTRICITY PROJECT


National Emission Standards for Hazardous Air Pollutants: Asphalt Processing and Asphalt Roofing Manufacturing Residual Risk and Technology Review

A Proposed Rule by the Environmental Protection Agency on 05/02/2019

A case study in Kansas city Missouri


Architects may utilize solar capturing roofing as


Website: www.austintexas.gov/empower

Factoring is a financial transaction and a type of debtor finance in which a business sells its accounts receivable (i.e., invoices) to a third party (called a factor) at a discount. A business will sometimes factor its receivable assets to meet its present and immediate cash needs.

Factoring Polynomials Calculator

Unlike traditional factoring, where a supplier wants to finance its receivables, reverse factoring (or supply chain financing) is a financing solution initiated by the ordering party (the customer) in order to help its suppliers to finance its receivables more easily and at a lower interest rate than what would normally be offered. 

Development Incentives and Agreements

Doing business as Serenity Sells, inside sells and innovations, I have contacted

AJ Drilling, Inc. has over 75 years of combined experience in foundation drilling.

and


as well as

 https://www.urbanminingco.com/

block grant
/ˈblôk ˌɡrant/
noun
  1. a grant from central government which a local authority can allocate to a wide range of services.

    Eigenmode expansion

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