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Transcendental realism Initially developed by Roy Bhaskar in his book A Realist Theory of Science (1975), transcendental realism is a philosophy of science that was initially developed as an argument against epistemic realism of positivism and hermeneutics . The position is based on Bhaskar's transcendental arguments for certain ontological and epistemological positions based on what reality must be like in order for scientific knowledge to be possible. The overview of transcendental realism that follows is largely based on Andrew Sayer 's Realism and Social Science . consider applications in Transcendental Meditation with Horseshoe theory and with t he American Indian College Fund is a nonprofit organization that helps Native American students, providing them with support through scholarships and funding toward higher education. Critical realism (philosophy of the social sciences) Critical realism is a philosophical approach to understanding science